(张掖市第三中学,甘肃 张掖 734017)
摘 要:本文通过对阅读中常运用的阅读技能进行归纳,并引入例句分析,引导学习者掌握和运用这些阅读技能,在阅读中准确而快速地找到所需信息,从而提高阅读能力。
关键词:主题句;推理;长难句;猜词
中图分类号:G633 文献标识码:A 文章编号:
阅读教学是高中英语教学的重点,其目的是培养学生的综合语言运用能力,领悟文章的内涵,使学生掌握阅读的技能和方法,成为有独立阅读能力的人。如何在英语阅读教学中进行学法指导,提高学生的阅读能力,笔者在教学中做了一些有益尝试,取得良好的效果。
一、学会抓主题句
英文的行文习惯,一篇文章,总会有主题,这主题通常用一个句子表达,这个句子就是主题句。主题句具有概括性。有主题就会有归纳总结的句子和词语。因此在阅读中重视总结性的词语,比如 in a word\ in all \especially\ most of all \worse still﹨however等,很快就能找到提炼文章中心意思的句子。
例如:First of all, students in college are always concerned about there finances. Textbooks, school supplies, and activities put pressure on the students. For example, textbooks in college are expensive. First of all是作者的观点提示词。作者的观点是students in college are always concerned about there finances. 其他的句子都是对主题的解释。
二、培养学生的逻辑推理能力
2.阅读理解可分表层理解和深层理解。表层理解通常是对一些细节的理解,深层理解是作者没有说出自己的观点需要读者从文中归纳推理。深层理解必须注意对文章中的细节事实进行归纳,透过现象看本质。注意文中的用词和作者的修辞手法来推测作者的态度、立场、观点、目的。
例如,对作者态度倾向的推理题,From the passage we can infer that the author's attitude to WIN---WIN is ______.
A critical B encouraging C completely opposing D doubtful
原文中有一句 So only if you take other people's interests into earnest consideration can you assure your own gain. 从作者的用词only if、earnest 等可推断出作者对双赢的态度是鼓励。
三、注重对长难句句意结构的分析
在阅读理解中,总会遇到长难句。理解长难句首先要学会抓中心词,找出主语、谓语、宾语,去掉修饰成分,这样就把复合句变成了简单句。其次会分析句子成分,找出省略部分,分隔成分,了解文意。例如, In recent years ,especially during 1960s, there was much discussion about “the brain drain” , which dealt with the problem of students and learned people who left their own countries for other countries that offered better chances for study, research and employment .句子的主干成分为 there was much discussion about “the brain drain” , 后跟一个定语从句which dealt with problem…and employment. 这个定语从句中又用了 who 引导的定语从句,修饰 students and learned people, 并且从句中又跟that 引导的定语从句修饰other countries.
四、学会猜测词义
3猜测词义不仅是学生扩大词汇量的有效方式,而且也是考查学生逻辑能力的手段,因此培养猜测生词的能力是十分重要。猜测主要有通过同位关系猜测词义、释义法猜测词义、标点符号的提示猜词义、构词法猜测词义、上下文语境猜测来猜测词义等。例如:利用果关系猜测词义。1) Though Mr. Brown’s income is not big enough: Mrs. Brown can always save quite a little money every month, because she is very thrifty. 2) She was completely engrossed in her reading ,so she didn't hear a single word of what you said just now .通过上下文的因果关系和已知句意,应毫不费力地猜出两个生词的词意:thrifty; 节俭的,engrossed; 专注的。
五、学会抓文中的指代现象
英语行文习惯中,为了避免重复,常以代词、助动词等指代上文提到的人、物、事。常用one \ones \ it \ them \that \which 来代替名词,用do\does \did 来代替动词,用so \nor \neither 加助动词、系动词、情态动词等来代替分句。指代的内容只能在特定语境才能理解。例如The chances opened up by trade are vast ,she argues, but free markets need the correcting force of politics to keep them in check .True economic progress needs them both .文中的them就指代上文中的free markets 。
总之,为了提高英语阅读水平,必须重视阅读教学,必须注意阅读技能、技巧的运用。这需要长期大量的实践,日积月累才收到理想的效果。