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[Abstract] John Galsworthy is one of the most prominent English critical realistic writer and playwright in the 20th century. His well-known medium-length novel The Apple Tree has shown a romantic realistic inclination. In this novel, Galsworthy t..
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浅析约翰•高尔斯华绥的《苹果树》-A Brief Comm
2011-12-13 16:33:12 来源: 作者: 【 】 浏览:158次 评论:0

[Abstract] John Galsworthy is one of the most prominent English critical realistic writer and playwright in the 20th century. His well-known medium-length novel The Apple Tree has shown a romantic realistic inclination. In this novel, Galsworthy tells us the love tragedy between Ashurst and Megan. It is found that the origin of the tragedy is the unequal capitalist society. Ashurst has dual personality. On one hand, he is selfish, irresponsible, eager to defend for himself and deceives himself as well as others; on the other hand, he indulges himself in pity and chivalry. John Galsworthy had not smashed the trammels of the capitalist system. Through his portrayal of Ashurst’s personality, his limitation revealed. On one hand he had realized the declining capitalist society; on the other hand, he intended to defend his own class. Pity and chivalry were just tools that he used to prettify the bourgeois. He wanted to use aesthetics in the literature to cover the ugly aspect of the bourgeoisie. He was a bourgeois himself.
The paper, on the basis of the previous findings, explores the essence of the bourgeoisie in The Apple Tree. It begins with the writing background of John Galswothy. Then it explores John Galsworthy’s portrayal of Ashurst’s personality, and it analyzes the origin of the tragedy. At last it analyzes the essence of “pity” and “chivalry”, and the romantic flavour shown in the story. It’s hoped that the present study will further study John Galsworthy and The Apple Tree.
[Key Words] The Apple Tree; dual personality; pity; chivalry; romantic; bourgeois

 

【摘 要】 约翰·高尔斯华绥是二十世纪英国著名的批判现实主义作家和剧作家。他的中篇小说《苹果树》表现出一种浪漫化的现实主义倾向。在这个故事中作者描写了阿舍斯特和梅根的爱情悲剧。通过分析本文发现造成这出悲剧的根本原因是不平等的资本主义社会。阿舍斯特的性格具有两面性:一方面是自私自利,不负责任,热衷于为自己辩护和自欺欺人;另一方面是沉溺在所谓的“怜悯”和“骑士精神”中。高尔斯华绥并没有冲破资本主义制度的束缚。通过他对阿舍斯特性格的刻画,他的阶级局限性也体现了出来:他一方面已经认识到了腐朽衰落的资本主义社会,并勇敢的把它揭示出来;另一方面他力图挽救资本主义制度,为本阶级寻找出路。怜悯和骑士精神是其对本阶级的美化,他企图用文学中的美来掩盖丑陋的资本主义。他本身就是一个资产阶级。
本文在前人分析的基础上探讨《苹果树》中体现的资产阶级的本性。 它首先分析高尔斯华绥的写作背景,其次分析他对阿舍斯特两面性性格的刻画,最后分析造成阿舍斯特和梅根爱情悲剧的根本原因。另外,本文还将分析 “怜悯”和 “骑士精神”的实质和浪漫色彩在小说中的体现。希望本文的分析能对高尔斯华绥及《苹果树》做进一步的了解。
【关键词】《苹果树》; 两面性;怜悯;骑士精神;浪漫化;资产阶级

1. Introduction
John Galsworthy, one of the winners of Nobel Prize for Literature, is one of the most prominent English criticized realistic writer and playwright. He takes the English background from the end of the 19th century to the 20th century as his setting, using naturalism as his writing method analyzing the moral and social problem of the English. His works have strongly attached the unequal capitalist society. In his realistic novels, he not only describes the everyday life of the upper class, but also reveals their mental outlook. He has shown great pity to the poor. He has written lots of works, such as The Forsyte Saga, A Modern Comedy and The End of the Chapter.
The Apple Tree, a medium-length novel, is also written by him. He says that it is one of his best five stories.[1] It is written in beautiful words and is worth reading. In this novel, Galswothy tells us the love tragedy between Ashurst and Megan. Ashurst first loves Megan for the reason of pity, and then deserts her also because of pity. This paper intends to examine Galsworthy’s handling of Ashurst’s personality, to uncover the essence of capitalist society, and to reveals the fact that John Galsworthy is a bourgeois himself by analyzing his portrayal of Ashurst’s dual personality.

2. Writing background of John Galsworthy
John Galsworthy was born in a well--to–do bourgeois family. Through his life, he is preoccupied with the social injustice in his time. The time he lives and works is the period that the capitalist countries developed from free competition to Monopoly capitalism. At this time, the capitalist society’s all kinds of contradictions have become more and more intensified. The capitalist system has passed its golden period and shown a declining tendency. English, used to be the most powerful country in the world, at this time also shows a declining trend. At the early 20th century, all kinds of social transformation trend of thought appear and the workers’ movements also upsurge at that time.
Douglas Hewitt says “our lives have always been largely controlled by economic and political realities, and this is true whether we realize it or not”.[2] So is John Galsworthy. The social upheaval influences his writing. Living in this time he stickes to his democratic and free stand. He never gives up condemning the ugly aspect of the civilized capitalist society.[3] He also wants to find a way out for his class. On one hand, he has seen the declining tendency and contradictions of the capitalist society and bravely revealed them in his works; on the other hand, he aims to improve his class wishing it might retain its ruling position in society.[4] So he is a bourgeois himself. He has never smashed the trammels of the capitalist system. In The Apple Tree, he has not touched the foundation of the capitalist society. The fear that his class might collapse makes him place his hope on the characters that he criticizes, and Ashurst is one of them.

3. John Galsworthy’s portrayal of Ashurst
In the novel, the author uses narration interspersed with flash-back as writing method successfully portraying the dual personality of Ashurst. Through the portrayal, he uncovers the essence of bourgeoisie.
3.1 Dual personality of Ashurst
Ashurst unconsciously falls in love with the simple country girl Megan just because he finds her pray for him and kiss his pillow secretly. Although he knows that Megan is “lack of intellectual personality”, and is not in the same class with him, he                                                                                                                                                        promises her that he would marry her. He makes this decision just because of his impulse and the drive of the beautiful spring.[5] When he leaves Megan and arrives at Torquay, he meets with Stella who is also very beautiful and is well-matched with him in social and economic status, he quickly falls in love with her. He regrets what he has promised to Megan. After repeating mental struggle, he chooses Stella and cruelly abandons Megan. Through the Galsworthy’s portrayal of the character—Ashurst, we can see that Ashurst has dual personality: one is selfish, willful, irresponsible, eager to defend for himself and deceives himself as well as others; the other is that he indulges himself in “pity” and “chivalrous spirit”.
3.2 Psychoanalysis of Ashurst 
John Galsworthy is good at psychoanalyzing the characters in his works.[6] To reveal Ashurst’s dual personality, he also uses psychoanalysis as his writing method. Through psychoanalysis, Ashurst’s dual personality is vividly and incisively displayed, especially in the last paragraph of the story. At that time, Ashurst was going to have a picnic with the Hallidays, on the way he saw Megan who came a long way to Torquay searching for him. Whether to see her or not, he had to make a decision. In this paragraph, Ashurst’s complicated feelings reached to the highest point. His dual personality was also shown in the best way. It is a very long paragraph. The following section divides it into several paragraphs and discusses how Ashurst’s dual personality works. (The following paragraphs with quotation mark are taken from the novel The Apple Tree.)
“From the corner he could only just see Megan; a long way ahead now. He ran a few steps, checked himself, and dropped into a walk, with each step nearer to her, further from the Hallidays, he walked more and more slowly.”
John Galsworthy is an outstanding linguist. The words: checked, dropped into, nearer to, further from, and more and more slowly vividly reflect Ashurst’s complicated feelings. He didn’t know what to do. To ask Megan to go back or to go back with her, he had no ideas. He had to follow her and keep thinking. When he became nearer to her and further to the Hallidays, he still had not cleared his mind. But he was afraid to be away from the Hallidays, so he walked more and more slowly.
“How did it alter anything—this sight of her? How make the going to her, and that which must come of it, less ugly? For there was no hiding it – since he had met the Hallidays he had become gradually sure that he would not marry Megan. It would only be a wild love- time, a troubled, remorseful, difficult time and then- well, then he would get tired, just because she gave him everything, was so simple, and so trustful, so dewy. And dew- wears off!”
In these sentences, Ashurst’s irresponsible attitude is clearly shown. He thought that the love with Megan was ugly, that their love time was a wild love time. He had decided to desert her and to stay with the Hallidays, but he had not proper excuses. At last he chose Megan’s simplicity and trusty as his excuse to abandon her. He was hypocritical and deceived himself as well as others.
“The little spot of faded colour, her tam-o’s-shanter cap, wavered on far in front of him, as she looked up into every face, and at the house windows. Had any man ever such a cruel moment to go through? Whatever he did, he felt he would be a beast. And he uttered a groan which made a nursemaidturn and stare. He saw Megan stopped and                                                                                             lean against the sea-wall, looking at the sea before, and even in her distress could not resist that sight. ‘Yes- she’s seen nothing.’ He thought; ‘everything’s before her. And just for a few weeks’ passion, I shall be cutting her life to ribbons. I’d better go and hang myself rather than do it!”
 Ashurst was compassionate. He bore no malice to hurt Megan. The sentence “Had any man ever such a cruel moment to go through?” shows that he didn’t want to make such a cruel decision. He pitied her and condemned what he had done to her. Galsworthy used the word “beast” to show Ashurst’s deep regret. In these sentences, Ashurst’s another character—indulging himself in pity and chivalry reveals.
“And suddenly he seemed to see Stella’s calm eyes looking into his, the wave of fluffy hair on her forehead stirred by the wind. Ah! It would be madness, would mean giving up all that he respected, and his own self-respect. He turned and walked quickly back towards the station.”
These sentences show that Ashurst was not in the same class with Megan. He was in the upper class and Megan lower class. When he thought of Stella, his class viewpoint came into being. In his opinion, to marry Megan would mean giving up all that he respected, and his own self-respect. The word “quickly” in the last sentence shows Ashurst’s irresponsible attitude. He and Megan were not equal in spirit and personality.[7] Megan loved him whole-heartedly, but he look down upon such kind of love.
“But memory of that poor, bewildered little figure, those anxious eyes searching the passers-by, smore him too hard again, and once more he turned towards the sea. The cap was no longer visible; that little spot of colour had vanished in the stream of the noon promenaders. And impelled by the passion of longing, the dearth which comes on one when life seems to be whirling something out of reach, he hurried forward. She was nowhere to be seen; for half an hour he looked for her; then on the beach flung himself face downward in the sand. To find her again he knew he had only to go to the station and wait till she returned from her fruitless quest, to take her train home; or to take train himself and go back to the farm, do that she found him there when she returned. But he lay inert in the sand, among the indifferent groups of children with their spades and buckets. Pity that little figure wandering, seeking, was well-nigh merged in the spring-running of his blood; for it was all wild feeling now—the chivalrous part, what there had been of it, was gone. He wanted it all with a horrible intensity, as the faun wants the nymph. The quick chatter of the little bright trout-stream, the dazzle of the buttercups, the rocks of the old ‘wild men’; the calling of the cuckoos and yaffles, the hooting of the owls; and the red moon peeping out of the velvet dark at the living whiteness of the blossom; and her face just out of reach at the window, lost in it love-look; and her heart against his, her lips answering his, under the apple tree- all this besieged him. Yet he lay inert. What was it which struggled against pity and this feverish longing, and kept him there paralysed in the warm sand.”
Ashurst pitied Megan again. He couldn’t get rid of the memory of her. The sense of guilty made him searching for her again, but in fact he was afraid to see her again. He didn’t know whether “to take her train home; or to take train himself and go back to the farm.” He searched Megan again and again just in his heart, but not in real action. Maybe in his heart he called out again and again—Megan, come back to me! But he just lay inert in the sand and struggled against pity and feverish longing. He was hypocritical and deceived himself as well as others.

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